ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses several catastrophic threat s globally including those on economy, lifestyle and health. Although the respiratory tract is the primary proliferation site of the virus, its effects on other organs and organ systems is devastating. One of the potential tar-gets for SARS-CoV-2 invasion is the male reproductive system owing to the presence of viral receptors i.e., ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the testis. Currently there are differing views in literature on whether SARS-CoV-2 infection has any short term and long term effects on male fertility. This pilot study was aimed to assess the impact of viral infection on crucial reproductive processes at the molecular level even after recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a label free quantitative proteomic analysis of semen procured from 17 COVID-19 recovered and 10 healthy fertile individuals using high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Our proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of 48 differentially expressed proteins of which 27 were upregulated and 21 were downregulated in recovered individuals. Further bio-informatic analysis revealed the dysregulation of several biological processes linked to male reproductive functions. Pathways like regulation of cell motility, regulation of adhesion, sperm-egg recognition, response to testosterone, extracellular matrix adhesion and endopeptidase activity were found to be downregulated in the recovered group. Moreover, the down regulation of two candidate proteins;Semenogelin 1 and Prosaposin which are related to male fertility were also validated using targeted proteomic approach CONCLUSIONS: This extensive proteomic study sheds light on the possible effects of SARS-CoV2 infection on reproductive functions and subsequently on male fertility even after apparent recovery from viral infection. IMPACT STATEMENT: The semen proteomic analysis of the COVID-19 recovered patients portrays a clear scenario of alteration of reproductive function in response to viral infection after clinical recovery, thus corroborating a possibility of virus-mediated impact on male infertility. A similar kind of study on large cohort will also direct the way to combat the viral effect on male reproductive function. This study would guide clinicians in counselling couples affected by COVID-19 as to the possible short term and long term effects on male reproductive potential.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic has severely affected many countries around the globe in terms of physically as well as mentally. During the initial months of the pandemic have reported India’s deficient cases, but eventually the cases were proliferated as the time progress. The government’s decision to impose a lockdown without warning has a wide-ranging impact, affecting everyone from low-wage workers to huge corporations. As a result, there is a negative impact on people’s mental health and emotions. The people had suffered from depressions, anxiety, fatigue and so forth. Many wide varieties of the people had expressed their thoughts, viewpoints, and their mental conditions in the form of tweets over the Twitter, a social media platform. Hence, in this paper, we have statistically analysed the data of tweeted tweets to elicit the meaningful insights. The data was analysed using the unsupervised clustering strategy–K-means and LDA–and the results were reinforced and validated using the pre-trained supervised classification approach–Text to Text transformer. The anticipated data depicted that the fear was the most common state of mind at the end of the lockdown, followed by joy, anger, and sadness. Furthermore, the deduced insights will be highly beneficial in decision-making process when such an epidemic or pandemic situation re-surges. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.